10 BIOLOGY - TRANSPORTATION – REVISION NOTES

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 TRANSPORTATION – REVISION NOTES

1. What is Transportation?

  • Transportation is the process of movement of substances like:

    • Food

    • Water

    • Oxygen

    • Carbon dioxide

    • Waste materials
      from one part of the body to another.

  • Essential for multicellular organisms.

2. Need for Transportation

  • All cells are not in direct contact with environment.

  • Diffusion is slow and insufficient.

  • Transportation ensures:

    • Supply of nutrients and oxygen

    • Removal of wastes

    • Proper functioning of body

3. Transportation in Human Beings

  • Carried out by the circulatory system.

Components of Circulatory System

  1. Heart

  2. Blood

  3. Blood vessels

4. Heart

  • Muscular organ

  • Pumps blood throughout the body

  • Divided into four chambers:

    • Right atrium

    • Right ventricle

    • Left atrium

    • Left ventricle

5. Function of Heart Chambers

  • Right atrium → receives deoxygenated blood

  • Right ventricle → sends blood to lungs

  • Left atrium → receives oxygenated blood

  • Left ventricle → pumps blood to whole body

6. Double Circulation

  • Blood passes through the heart twice in one complete cycle.

  • Two circuits:

    1. Pulmonary circulation – heart → lungs → heart

    2. Systemic circulation – heart → body → heart

Importance

  • Prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

  • Increases efficiency of oxygen supply

7. Blood

  • Fluid connective tissue

  • Transports substances throughout body

Components of Blood

  1. Plasma

  2. Red blood cells (RBCs)

  3. White blood cells (WBCs)

  4. Platelets

8. Functions of Blood Components

Plasma

  • Transports food, hormones, waste

  • Helps maintain blood volume

Red Blood Cells

  • Contain haemoglobin

  • Transport oxygen

White Blood Cells

  • Fight infections

  • Provide immunity

Platelets

  • Help in blood clotting

  • Prevent excessive blood loss

9. Blood Vessels

There are three types:

Arteries

  • Carry blood away from heart

  • Usually oxygenated blood

  • Thick and elastic walls

Veins

  • Carry blood towards heart

  • Usually deoxygenated blood

  • Have valves to prevent backflow

Capillaries

  • Very thin walls

  • Connect arteries and veins

  • Exchange of substances occurs here

10. Transport of Materials in Plants

  • Plants do not have circulatory system.

  • Transport occurs through vascular tissues.

11. Xylem

  • Transports water and minerals

  • Movement is upward

  • Root → stem → leaves

Mechanism

  • Root pressure

  • Transpiration pull

12. Phloem

  • Transports food prepared in leaves

  • Movement is bidirectional

  • Uses energy (ATP)

13. Transpiration

  • Loss of water as vapour from leaves.

  • Occurs through stomata.

Importance

  • Helps in upward movement of water

  • Cooling effect on plant

  • Maintains water balance

14. Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

  • Oxygen carried by haemoglobin

  • Carbon dioxide transported mainly as bicarbonates

15. Key Differences

Arteries vs Veins

ArteriesVeins
Away from heart        Towards heart
Thick walls        Thin walls
No valves        Valves present

Xylem vs Phloem

XylemPhloem
Transports water                Transports food
Upward movementBidirectional
No energy neededEnergy required

16. Key Exam Points

  • Transportation is essential in multicellular organisms.

  • Heart pumps blood throughout body.

  • Double circulation increases efficiency.

  • Haemoglobin carries oxygen.

  • Capillaries allow exchange of materials.

  • Xylem transports water.

  • Phloem transports food.